By Dr. Bilal Philips
The word Ramadan comes from the noun Ramad, which refers to "the heat of the stones arising from the intense heat of the sun." The ninth month was named Ramadan because when the Arabs changed the names of the months from the ancient language, they named them according to the seasons in which they happen to fall.
This month, which used to be called Natiq, fell during the summer, the time of extreme heat.
[1]
The Merits of Ramadan
The Prophet (peace be upon him) was reported to have said that "When Ramadan
comes, the gates of Paradise are opened."
[2]
The month of Ramadan is a great opportunity for one to do the deeds that could bring him/her closer to Paradise.
Fasting in Ramadan is also an opportunity to atone for one's sins. Abu Hurayrah
quoted the Prophet (peace be upon him) as saying, "Who ever fasts during the
month of Ramadan out of sincere faith and hoping for a reward from Allah will
have all of his previous sins forgiven."
[3]
Fasting also provides protection from evil for those who sincerely fast. Allah's
Messenger (peace be upon him) was reported to have said, "Fasting is a shield."
[4]
Allah has a special reward which He personally gives one who fasts faithfully.
Abu Hurayrah related that the Prophet (peace be upon him) quoted Allah as
saying, "Every act of Adam's descendants is for themselves, except fasting.
It is meant for Me alone, and I alone will give the reward for it."
[5]
Perhaps the greatest and most unique merit of Ramadan lies in the fact that
the Quran, which is the last and only unchanged book of Divine Guidance remaining
in the world, was revealed during this month. Allah states: 
"The month of Ramadan is the one in which the Quran was sent down as a (pure source of) guidance for mankind. In it are clear teachings showing the Right Way and the Criterion (for judging truth and falsehood)."
[Noble Quran 2:185]
This act of revelation represents the greatest blessing from Almighty Allah to mankind, who had become steeped in darkness and ignorance since the time of the prior revelation. Without this supreme act of mercy, the weakening glimmer of guidance would have gone out completely and oppression would have reigned in all corners of the globe.
Sighting of The Moon
It is fard kifayah (a collective duty) on the Muslims to make an effort to sight the moon of Ramadan on the 29th of Sha'ban. It is wrong to depend solely on the calendar and other astronomical calculations to begin the fast, as the Prophet (peace be upon him) himself instructed, "Begin the fast on the sighting of the moon and break the fast likewise, but if the sky is cloudy (on the 29th of Sha'ban), then estimate it (by completing) 30 days of Sha'ban.
[6]
Definition of Sawm or Siyam (fasting)
The literal meaning of sawm is to restrain oneself from something. For example, Allah tells us in al-Quran that Maryam said,
"Surely I have vowed to ar-Rahman (The Most Merciful, Allah) to fast (sawm)."
[Noble Quran 19:26]
The fast here means to be silent, that is, to abstain from speaking. Islamically, Sawm means to abstain from food, drink and sexual relation between dawn and sunset.
Classification of Sawm
Sawm is wajib (compulsory) on Muslims, according to the Quran and Sunnah [tradition of the Prophet (peace be upon him)], during the ninth month of the Hijri calendar, called Ramadan, every year. Allah said in the Quran,
"The month of Ramadan: in it was sent down the Quran, guidance to mankind and a self-evident proof of that guidance and the standard for distinguishing between right and wrong. Whosoever of you witnesses the month should fast it."
[Noble Quran 2:185]
Ibn 'Umar reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) stated, "Islam is built on five (pillars): ..fasting in Ramadan."
[1]
Talhah ibn 'Ubaydillah reported that a man with his hair in disarray came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said, "O Allah's Messenger, inform me of what Allah has made fard (obligatory) on me concerning fasting." He (peace be upon him) said, "The month of Ramadan." So he asked, "Is there anything other than that on me?" He (peace be upon him) said, "No, except what you do voluntarily." He then said, "Tell me what Allah has made fard on me concerning Zakah, "So he (peace be upon him) informed him of the rites of Islam. He then said, "By He Who ennobled you, I won't voluntarily do anything (extra) nor will I decrease in any way what Allah has made obligatory on me." The Prophet (peace be upon him) then said, "He will succeed if he spoke the truth (or, he will enter Paradise if he was truthful).
[2]
The Purpose of Fasting
The ultimate goal of the fast is to develop taqwa (consciousness of God) in people, as Allah said:
"..so that it may produce Taqwa in you."
[Noble Quran 2:183]
Taqwa is among the highest moral qualities that a Muslim can attain. It is produced by placing a shield between one's self and Allah's wrath, as the root meaning of the word implies (i.e. taqwa comes from the verb waqaa, which means "to safeguard"). This is achieved by being conscious of Allah and all His commandments at all times, which means avoiding the Haram (prohibited) as well as the makruh (undesirable) and even some of the halal (permissible) wherever doubt arises.
Conditions for Being Required to Fast
To be Muslim.
To have reached puberty. However, with young children it was the practice of the Prophet's companions to encourage them to fast in order for them to get used to it at an early age.
[3]
To be sane. 'Alee ibn Abi Talib and 'A'ishah both reported that Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "The pen is raised from (the book) of three (individuals): the sleeper until he awakes, the child until he reaches puberty, and the insane until he regains his sanity."
[4]
To be physically able.
To be a resident, not a traveler. A menstruating woman does not pray or fast. Prayers need not be made up, but fasting must be made up later when her menses are finished. Allah has permitted Muslims who are sick or physically unable to fast or are traveling during Ramadan to break their fasts and make up the missed days of Ramadan. Allah says in the Quran:
"...and whoever is ill or journeying, for him is the like number of other days. Allah desires for you ease and does not desire for you hardship; so you should complete the number and magnify Allah for His having guided you, that perhaps you may give thanks."
[Noble Quran 2:185]
The Benefits of Fasting
Fasting gives the individual a real taste of hunger and thirst which helps
him to realize the experience of the poor. This experience should instill
a desire to want to help those who are less fortunate by sharing food and
wealth with them.
It is required that the individual give up not only food, drink and sexual
relations, but also that he restrain from all forms of lying (e.g. backbiting,
slander, etc.). This is confirmed by the Prophet's (peace be upon him) statement,
"Allah has no need for the hunger and the thirst of the person who does not
restrain from telling lies and acting on them even while observing the fast."
[5]
He also said, "When one of you is fasting, he should abstain from indecent acts and unnecessary talk, and if someone begins an obscene conversation or tries to pick an argument, he should simply tell him, 'I am fasting'."[6]
So, if one observes the fast according to the above principles, it should improve his moral character, making him more truthful and more careful about what he says and does.
It has also been noted by medical experts that fasting improves the physical
health in numerous ways. For example, during the fast the body uses up stored
cholesterol (fats) which are often deposited in the blood system, as well
as in other fatty areas of the body. Thus, it helps to keep the body firm
and minimizes the danger of heart attacks.
Fasting trains the individual for Jihad (fighting in the way of Allah) by
giving him a good course in self-control. During war the desires of the stomach
and the private parts often lead soldiers of war to either commit excesses
or to unnecessarily expose themselves to danger. Exemption from Fasting Ramadan
Journey (Safar): It is allowable for the traveler to break his fast while traveling, whether he is subjected to rigors and hardships during his travels or not.
[1]
Sickness (Marad): If one has an illness that would be worsened by fasting, or fasting would delay the cure, the fast may be abandoned. For example, a person with diabetes may have to eat every few hours to maintain his blood sugar level, or an epileptic may have to take his medicine at regular intervals to prevent a seizure.
[2]
Pregnancy (Haml): If a woman feels that if she fasts, the fetus will be harmed or she herself will be weakened dangerously, she is permitted to leave the fast.
[3]
Breast-feeding (Rida'ah): If a breast-feeding mother or wet-nurse feels that fasting would he harmful to the baby or herself she is allowed to abandon the fast.
Weakness (Da'f) or Old Age (Kibar as-Sinn): (a) If a person is convalescing (regaining his strength)
After an illness and fears that the fast would make him sick again, he is allowed to defer fasting.
(b) If a person has become extremely weak due to old
age, he is allowed to abandon fasting.
[4]
Jihad (War): (a) If a person is about to participate in jihad and
fears that the fasting would weaken him, he may defer the fast.
(b) If jihad is in progress, participants are allowed to
postpone the fast.
Kaffarah
Kaffarah is the punishment as a compensation for a sin one has committed or for an obligatory deed that one was unable to do or the intentional breaking of the fast in Ramadan. The Kaffarah for breaking the fast of Ramadan is as follows:
If the fast of Ramadan is invalidated intentionally by intercourse, its expiation
(Compensation) is fasting for two months consecutively. If one is unable to
fast sixty days, he must feed sixty poor persons or one person for sixty days.
[5]
It should be noted, however, that even these acts do not make up for the lost day(s) of fasting.[6]
A person who has become extremely weak due to old age or disease and has no
hope of an early recovery and is unable to fast, is required by Shari'ah to
feed an indigent person for every missed day. One can give it in the form
of food or one can make someone else an agent, giving him the money to buy
the food and give it to the poor. This feeding of the poor in lieu of fasting
is called fidyah (redemption).
A woman who breaks her fast due to menses (hayd), bleeding after child birth
(nifas), pregnancy, suckling (rida'ah) or the like is only required to make
up the days which she missed before the next Ramadan.
[7]
Permissible Acts While Fasting
Cleaning the teeth with the siwak (tooth-stick) or its modern substitute,
the toothbrush, is allowed, as the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to use
the siwak often while fasting. [1] It is better to avoid the use of toothpaste
during fasting hours.
Donating blood or unintentional vomiting does not break the fast.
[2]
Kissing one's wife while fasting does not break the fast, as long as moderation
is observed.
[3]
Taking medicine by way of injection, nasal sprays or eye drops does not break
the fast, as they are not a form of eating.
[4]
Eating or drinking accidentally or out of forgetfulness does not break the
fast.
[5]
Bathing, swimming, or sitting in water to cool off while fasting is permissible.
[6]
For someone to rinse out the mouth or to taste food or drink which is being
prepared, spitting it all back out without swallowing any of the food or drink,
is also permissible.
[7]
Swallowing one's saliva does not break the fast.
[8]
Fundamentals of Fasting
Niyyah (Intention)
For the compulsory fast of Ramadan to be accepted, the intention to fast must be made before Fajr each day. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was reported by Hafsah to have said, "Whoever does not intend to fast before Fajr will have no fast."
[9]
As with Salah, there is no verbal formula one says to mark one's intention. To wake up for the pre-dawn meal is an expression of the intention to fast. Even of one didn't wake up for suhur, to simply make up one's mind before sleeping that one will be fasting the next day is sufficient.Suhur (Pre-Dawn Meal)
The fast begins with a light meal known as suhur, which is taken just before the break of dawn. The Prophet (peace be upon him) encouraged his followers to take this meal, even if it is only a drink of water. Anas ibn Malik said that Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Take suhur for surely there is barakah (blessing) in it."
[10]
] When the adhan of Fajr is sounded, this signals the beginning of the fast and one should not begin to eat anything at this point. If one has in his hand food or drink when the adhan is called, he should finish eating what he wants from it before putting it down. Abu Hurayrah reported that Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) said, "If one of you hears the adhan and a vessel remains in his hand, he should not put it down until he has had what he desires from it."[11]
Iftar (Breaking Fast)
It is highly recommended that the fast be broken as soon as Maghrib (setting of the sun) occurs. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "People will remain happy and prosperous as long as they hasten to break the fast."
[12]
It is also recommended that the fast be broken with dates and water if available. Anas ibn Malik said, "The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to break his fast with a few dates just before the beginning of Salatul-Maghrib. If fresh dates were not available he would break his fast by drinking a little water."[13]
Du'a for Breaking the Fast
(Thahabath-tham'u wab-tallatil-'urooqu wa thabatal-ajru inshaa' Allah.)
"The thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward set, Allah willing."
[14]
